It refers to the mechanism that the bitcoin block reward will be reduced by half every 210,000 blocks, so as to the control the supply and maintain the value of the currency.

It is a process using high-performance computing devices to tackle complicated computational math problems, and as a result, tokens are rewarded to the miner completed the block.

It is an economic theory that the changes in the supply of money have no impact on the overall economy.

Refers to the rewards that miners receive for finding new blocks by using mining devices. Different cryptocurrencies have different rewards based on respective blocks in the blockchain.